Introduction
Many people don't understand why or how other people become
addicted to drugs. They may mistakenly think that those who use drugs lack
moral principles or willpower and that they could stop their drug use simply by
choosing to. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting
usually takes more than good intentions or a strong will. Drugs change the
brain in ways that make quitting hard, even for those who want to. Fortunately,
researchers know more than ever about how drugs affect the brain and have found
treatments that can help people recover from drug addiction and lead productive
lives.
What Is drug addiction?
Addiction is a chronic disease characterized by drug seeking
and use that is compulsive, or difficult to control, despite harmful
consequences. The initial decision to take drugs is voluntary for most people,
but repeated drug use can lead to brain changes that challenge an addicted
person’s self-control and interfere with their ability to resist intense urges
to take drugs. These brain changes can be persistent, which is why drug
addiction is considered a "relapsing" disease—people in recovery from
drug use disorders are at increased risk for returning to drug use even after
years of not taking the drug.
It's common for a person to relapse, but relapse doesn't mean
that treatment doesn’t work. As with other chronic health conditions, treatment
should be ongoing and should be adjusted based on how the patient responds.
Treatment plans need to be reviewed often and modified to fit the patient’s
changing needs.
What happens to the
brain when a person takes drugs?
Most drugs affect the brain's "reward circuit" by
flooding it with the chemical messenger dopamine. This reward system controls
the body's ability to feel pleasure and motivates a person to repeat behaviors
needed to thrive, such as eating and spending time with loved ones. This
overstimulation of the reward circuit causes the intensely pleasurable
"high" that can lead people to take a drug again and again.
As a person continues to use drugs, the brain adjusts to the
excess dopamine by making less of it and/or reducing the ability of cells in
the reward circuit to respond to it. This reduces the high that the person
feels compared to the high they felt when first taking the drug—an effect known
as tolerance. They might take more of the drug, trying to achieve the same
dopamine high. It can also cause them to get less pleasure from other things
they once enjoyed, like food or social activities.
Long-term
use also causes changes in other brain chemical systems and circuits as well,
affecting functions that include:
learning
judgment
decision-making
stress
memory
behavior
Despite
being aware of these harmful outcomes, many people who use drugs continue to
take them, which is the nature of addiction.
WHY DO
PEOPLE TAKE DRUGS?
People take
drugs because they want to change something in their lives.
Here are
some of the reasons young people have given for taking drugs:
·
To
fit in
·
To
escape or relax
·
To
relieve boredom
·
To
seem grown up
·
To
rebel
·
To
experiment
They think
drugs are a solution. But eventually, the drugs become the problem.
Difficult as
it may be to face one’s problems, the consequences of drug use are always worse
than the problem one is trying to solve with them. The real answer is to get
the facts and not to take drugs in the first place.
Drug addiction Symptoms
Most drug addictions start with experimental use of a drug in
social situations. For some people, the drug use becomes more frequent. The
risk of addiction and how fast you become dependent varies by drug. Some drugs
have a higher risk and cause dependency more quickly than others.
As time passes, you may need larger doses of the drug to get
high. Soon you may need the drug just to feel good. As your drug use increases,
you may find that it's increasingly difficult to go without the drug. Attempts
to stop drug use may cause intense cravings and make you feel physically ill
(withdrawal symptoms).
Drug addiction symptoms or behaviors
include, among others:
Feeling that you have to
use the drug regularly — this can be daily or even several times a day
Having intense urges for
the drug
Over time, needing more of
the drug to get the same effect
Making certain that you
maintain a supply of the drug
Spending money on the
drug, even though you can't afford it
Not meeting obligations
and work responsibilities, or cutting back on social or recreational activities
because of drug use
Doing things to get the
drug that you normally wouldn't do, such as stealing
Driving or doing other
risky activities when you're under the influence of the drug
Focusing more and more
time and energy on getting and using the drug
Failing in your attempts
to stop using the drug
Experiencing withdrawal
symptoms when you attempt to stop taking the drug
Recognizing drug abuse in
family members
Sometimes
it's difficult to distinguish normal teenage moodiness or angst from signs of
drug use. Possible indications that your teenager or other family member is
using drugs include:
Problems at school or work —
frequently missing school or work, a sudden disinterest in school activities or
work, or a drop in grades or work performance
Physical health issues —
lack of energy and motivation
Neglected appearance —
lack of interest in clothing, grooming or looks
Changes in behavior —
exaggerated efforts to bar family members from entering his or her room or
being secretive about where he or she goes with friends; or drastic changes in
behavior and in relationships with family and friends
Spending money —
sudden requests for money without a reasonable explanation; or your discovery
that money is missing or has been stolen or that items have disappeared from
your home, indicating maybe they're being sold to support drug use
Recognizing signs
of drug use or intoxication
Signs and symptoms of drug use or intoxication may vary,
depending on the type of drug. Below you'll find several examples.
Types of drugs and its
symptoms
Marijuana, hashish and other
cannabis-containing substances
People use
cannabis by smoking, eating, or inhaling a vaporized form of the drug. Cannabis
often precedes or is used along with other substances, such as alcohol or other
illegal drugs, and is often the first drug tried.
Signs and symptoms of recent use can
include:
A sense of euphoria or
feeling "high"
A heightened sense of
visual, auditory and taste perception
Increased blood pressure
and heart rate
Red eyes,Dry mouth,Decreased
coordination
Difficulty concentrating
or remembering,Increased appetite
Slowed reaction time,Paranoid
thinking,Long-term (chronic) use is often associated with:
Decreased mental sharpness,Poor
performance at school or at work
Reduced number of friends
and interests,Synthetic cannabinoids and substituted cathinones
Two groups
of synthetic drugs — synthetic cannabinoids
and substituted cathinones — are
illegal in most states. The effects of these drugs can be dangerous and
unpredictable, as there is no quality control and some ingredients may not be
known.
Synthetic cannabinoids, also called "K2" or
"Spice," are sprayed on dried herbs and then smoked, but can be
prepared as an herbal tea. Despite manufacturer claims, these are chemical
compounds rather than "natural" or harmless products. These drugs can
produce a "high" similar to marijuana and have become a popular but
dangerous alternative.
Signs and
symptoms of recent use can include:
A sense of euphoria or
feeling "high"
Elevated mood
Relaxation,An altered
sense of visual, auditory and taste perception
Extreme anxiety or
agitation,Paranoia,Hallucinations,Increased heart rate and blood pressure
,Vomiting,Confusion
Substituted cathinones, also called "bath salts,"
are psychoactive substances similar to amphetamines such as Ecstasy (MDMA) and
cocaine. Despite the name, these are not bath products such as Epsom salts.
Substituted cathinones can be eaten, inhaled or injected and are highly
addictive. These drugs can cause severe intoxication that results in dangerous
health effects or even death.
Signs and
symptoms of recent use can include:
Euphoria,Increased sociability,Increased
energy and agitation,Increased sex drive,Increasedheart rate and blood pressure,Chest
pain,Paranoia,Panic attacks,Hallucinations,Delirium,Psychotic and violent
behavior
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Barbiturates
and benzodiazepines are prescription central nervous system depressants.
They're often used and abused in search for a sense of relaxation or a desire
to "switch off" or forget stress-related thoughts or feelings.
Phenobarbital,
amobarbital (Amytal) and secobarbital (Seconal Sodium) are examples of
barbiturates. Examples of benzodiazepines include sedatives, such as diazepam
(Valium), alprazolam (Xanax, Niravam), lorazepam (Ativan), clonazepam
(Klonopin) and chlordiazepoxide (Librium).
Signs and
symptoms of recent use can include:
Drowsiness,Slurred speech,Lack
of coordination,Euphoria or an exaggerated feeling of well-being,Problems,concentrating
or thinking Memory problems
Involuntary eye movements
(nystagmus),Lack of inhibition,Slowed breathing and reduced blood pressure,Dizziness,Depression,Meth,
cocaine and other stimulants
Stimulants include amphetamines, meth
(methamphetamine), cocaine and methylphenidate (Ritalin). They are often used
and abused in search of a "high," or to boost energy, to improve
performance at work or school, or to lose weight or control appetite.
Signs and symptoms of
recent use can include:
Feeling of exhilaration
and excess confidence,Increased alertness,Increased energy and restlessness,Behavior
changes or aggression,Rapid or rambling speech,Dilated pupils
Delusions and
hallucinations,Irritability or changes in mood,Changes in heart rate and blood
pressure,Nausea or vomiting with weight loss,Impaired judgment,Nasal congestion
and damage to the mucous membrane of the nose (if snorting drugs),Insomnia,Paranoia,Depression
as the drug wears off
Club drugs
Club drugs
are commonly used at clubs, concerts and parties. Examples include Ecstasy or
Molly (MDMA), gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), flunitrazepam (Rohypnol, or
roofie) and ketamine. These drugs are not all in the same category, but they
share some similar effects and dangers, including long-term harmful effects.
Because GHB
and Rohypnol can cause sedation, muscle relaxation, confusion and memory loss,
the potential for sexual misconduct or sexual assault is associated with the
use of these drugs.
Signs and symptoms of use
of club drugs can include:
Hallucinations,Paranoia,Dilated
pupils,Chills and sweating
Involuntary shaking
(tremors),Behavior changes,Muscle cramping and teeth clenching,Reduced,inhibitions,Heightened
or altered sense of sight, sound and taste
Decreased coordination,Poor
judgment,Memory problems or loss of memory,Reduced consciousness,Increased or
decreased heart rate and blood pressure
Hallucinogens
Use of
hallucinogens can produce different signs and symptoms, depending on the drug.
The most common hallucinogens are lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and
phencyclidine (PCP).
LSD use may cause:
Hallucinations,Greatly
reduced perception of reality, for example, interpreting input from one of your
senses as another, such as hearing colors,Impulsive behavior,Rapid shifts in
emotions
Permanent mental changes
in perception,Rapid heart rate and high blood pressure
Tremors,Flashbacks, a
re-experience of the hallucinations — even years later
PCP use may cause:A
feeling of being separated from your body and surroundings
Hallucinations
Problems with coordination
and movement
Aggressive, possibly
violent behavior,Involuntary eye movements,Lack of pain sensation,Increase in
blood pressure and heart rate,Problems with thinking and memory,Problems
speaking,Impaired judgment,Intolerance to loud noise,Sometimes seizures or coma
Inhalants
Signs and
symptoms of inhalant use vary, depending on the substance. Some commonly
inhaled substances include glue, paint thinners, correction fluid, felt tip
marker fluid, gasoline, cleaning fluids and household aerosol products. Due to
the toxic nature of these substances, users may develop brain damage.
Signs and symptoms of use
can include:
Possessing an inhalant
substance without a reasonable explanation,Brief euphoria or intoxication,Decreased
inhibition,Dizziness,Nausea or vomiting,Involuntary eye movements
Appearing intoxicated with
slurred speech, slow movements and poor coordination,Irregular heartbeats,Tremors,Lingering
odor of inhalant material,Rash around the nose and mouth
Narcotic painkillers
Opioids are
narcotic, painkilling drugs produced from opium or made synthetically. This
class of drugs includes, among others, heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone and
oxycodone. Some people who've been using opioids over a long period of time may
need physician-prescribed temporary or long-term drug substitution during
treatment.
Signs and symptoms of
narcotic use and dependence can include:
Euphoria or feeling
"high",Reduced sense of pain,Drowsiness or sedation,Slurred speech
Problems with attention
and memory,Constricted pupils,Lack of awareness or inattention to surrounding
people and things,Problems with coordination,Depression,Confusion
Sweaty, clammy skin, Constipation,Runny
nose or nose sores (if snorting drugs)
Needle marks (if injecting
drugs)
Factors may contribute
to development of drug addiction and dependence
Like many
mental health disorders, several factors may contribute to development of drug addiction
and dependence. The main factors are:
Environment. Environmental factors, including your
family's beliefs and attitudes and exposure to a peer group that encourages
drug use, seem to play a role in initial drug use.
Genetics. Once you've started using a drug, the
development into addiction may be influenced by inherited (genetic) traits,
which may delay or speed up the disease progression.
Risk factors: factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction
People of
any age, sex or economic status can become addicted to a drug. However, certain
factors can affect the likelihood and speed of developing an addiction:
Family
history of addiction. Drug addiction is more common in some families and likely involves
genetic predisposition. If you have a blood relative, such as a parent or
sibling, with alcohol or drug problems, you're at greater risk of developing a
drug addiction.
Being
male. Men are
more likely to have problems with drugs than women are. However, progression of
addictive disorders is known to be faster in females.
Having
another mental health disorder. If you have a mental health disorder such as
depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or post-traumatic
stress disorder, you're more likely to become dependent on drugs.
Peer
pressure. Peer
pressure is a strong factor in starting to use and abuse drugs, particularly
for young people.
Lack of
family involvement. Difficult family situations or lack of a bond with your parents or
siblings may increase the risk of addiction, as can a lack of parental
supervision.
Anxiety,
depression and loneliness. Using drugs can become a way of coping with these painful
psychological feelings and can make these problems even worse.
Taking a
highly addictive drug. Some drugs, such as stimulants, cocaine or painkillers, may result
in faster development of addiction than other drugs. However, taking drugs
considered less addicting — so-called "light drugs" — can start you
on a pathway of drug use and addiction
Changes in the brain
Physical
addiction appears to occur when repeated use of a drug changes the way your
brain feels pleasure. The addicting drug causes physical changes to some nerve
cells (neurons) in your brain. Neurons use chemicals called neurotransmitters
to communicate. These changes can remain long after you stop using the drug.
Complications
Drug use can
have significant and damaging short-term and long-term effects. Taking some
drugs can be particularly risky, especially if you take high doses or combine
them with other drugs or alcohol. Here are some examples.
Methamphetamine,
opiates and cocaine are highly addictive and cause multiple short-term and
long-term health consequences, including psychotic behavior, seizures or death
due to overdose.
GHB and
Rohypnol may cause sedation, confusion and memory loss. These so-called
"date rape drugs" are easy to give someone without his or her
knowledge or consent and are known to impair the ability to resist unwanted
contact and recollection of the event. At high doses, they can cause seizures,
coma and death. The danger increases when these drugs are taken with alcohol.
Ecstasy or
Molly (MDMA) can cause dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and complications
that can include seizures. Long-term, MDMA can damage the brain.
One particular
danger of club drugs is that the liquid, pill or powder forms of these drugs
available on the street often contain unknown substances that can be harmful,
including other illegally manufactured or pharmaceutical drugs.
Due to the
toxic nature of inhalants, users may develop brain damage of different levels
of severity.
Other
life-changing complications
Dependence
on drugs can create a number of dangerous and damaging complications,
including:
Getting a communicable disease. People who are addicted to a
drug are more likely to get an infectious disease, such as HIV, either through
unsafe sex or by sharing needles.
Other health problems. Drug addiction can lead to a range of both short-term and
long-term mental and physical health problems. These depend on what drug is
taken.
Accidents. If
you're addicted to a drug, you're more likely to drive or do other dangerous
activities while under the influence.
Suicide. People who are addicted to drugs
commit suicide more often than people who aren't addicted.
Family problems. Behavioral changes may cause marital or family strife and
custody issues.
Work issues. Drug use and dependence can
cause declining performance at work, absenteeism and eventual loss of
employment.
Problems at school. Drug use can negatively
affect academic performance and motivation to excel in school.
Legal
issues. These are
very common for drug users and can stem from buying or possessing illegal
drugs, stealing to support your drug addiction, driving while under the
influence of drugs or alcohol, or disputes over child custody.
Financial
problems. Spending
money to support your drug use takes away money from your other needs, could
put you into debt, and can lead to illegal or unethical behaviors.
Why do some people
become addicted to drugs while others don't?
No one factor can predict if a person will become addicted to
drugs. A combination of factors influences risk for addiction. The more risk
factors a person has, the greater the chance that taking drugs can lead to
addiction. For example:
Biology. The genes that people are born with
account for about half of a person's risk for addiction. Gender, ethnicity, and
the presence of other mental disorders may also influence risk for drug use and
addiction.
Environment. A person’s environment includes
many different influences, from family and friends to economic status and
general quality of life. Factors such as peer pressure, physical and sexual
abuse, early exposure to drugs, stress, and parental guidance can greatly
affect a person’s likelihood of drug use and addiction.
Development. Genetic and environmental factors
interact with critical developmental stages in a person’s life to affect
addiction risk. Although taking drugs at any age can lead to addiction, the
earlier that drug use begins, the more likely it will progress to addiction.
This is particularly problematic for teens. Because areas in their brains that
control decision-making, judgment, and self-control are still developing, teens
may be especially prone to risky behaviors, including trying drugs.
Can drug addiction be
cured or prevented?
As with most
other chronic diseases, such as diabetes, asthma, or heart disease, treatment
for drug addiction generally isn’t a cure. However, addiction is treatable and
can be successfully managed. People who are recovering from an addiction will
be at risk for relapse for years and possibly for their whole lives. Research
shows that combining addiction treatment medicines with behavioral therapy
ensures the best chance of success for most patients. Treatment approaches
tailored to each patient’s drug use patterns and any co-occurring medical,
mental, and social problems can lead to continued recovery.
More good
news is that drug use and addiction are preventable. Results from NIDA-funded
research have shown that prevention programs involving families, schools,
communities, and the media are effective for preventing or reducing drug use
and addiction. Although personal events and cultural factors affect drug use
trends, when young people view drug use as harmful, they tend to decrease their
drug taking. Therefore, education and outreach are key in helping people
understand the possible risks of drug use. Teachers, parents, and health care
providers have crucial roles in educating young people and preventing drug use
and addiction.
Make an appointment to
see a doctor if:
You can't stop using a drug
Your drug use has led to unsafe behavior, such as sharing
needles or unprotected sex
You think you may be having withdrawal symptoms after stopping
drug use
If you're not ready to approach a doctor, help lines or
hotlines may be a good place to learn about treatment. You can find these lines
listed in the phone book or on the Internet.
Seek
emergency help if you or someone you know has taken a
drug and:
May have overdosed
Shows changes in
consciousness
Has trouble breathing
Has seizures or
convulsions
Has signs of a possible
heart attack, such as chest pain or pressure
Has any other troublesome
physical or psychological reaction to use of the drug
When to see a doctor
If your drug use is out of control or causing problems, get
help. The sooner you seek help, the greater your chances for a long-term
recovery. Talk with your primary doctor or see a mental health provider, such
as a doctor who specializes in addiction medicine or addiction psychiatry, or a
licensed alcohol and drug counselor
Staging an intervention
People struggling with addiction usually deny they have a
problem and are reluctant to seek treatment. An intervention presents a loved
one with a structured opportunity to make changes before things get even worse
and can motivate someone to seek or accept help.
An intervention should be carefully planned and may be done
by family and friends in consultation with a doctor or professional such as a
licensed alcohol and drug counselor, or directed by an intervention
professional. It involves family and friends and sometimes co-workers, clergy
or others who care about a person struggling with addiction.
During the intervention, these people gather together to have
a direct, heart-to-heart conversation with the person about the consequences of
addiction and ask him or her to accept treatment.
Tests and diagnosis
Diagnosing drug addiction (also called substance use
disorder) requires a thorough evaluation and often includes an assessment by a
psychiatrist, a psychologist, or a licensed alcohol and drug counselor. Blood,
urine or other lab tests are used to assess drug use, but they're not a
diagnostic test for addiction. These tests may be used for monitoring treatment
and recovery.
For diagnosis of a substance use disorder, most mental health
professionals use criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association, to diagnose
mental conditions. This manual is also used by insurance companies to reimburse
for treatment.
DSM-5
criteria for substance use disorder include a behavior pattern of drug use that
causes significant problems and distress, regardless of what drug is used.
You may have a substance
use disorder if at least two of these issues occur within a 12-month period:
You often take larger
amounts of the drug over a longer period of time than you intended
You want to cut down or
quit, but haven't been successful
You spend a good deal of
time getting the drug, using the drug or recovering from the effects of the
drug
You have intense urges for
the drug that block out any other thoughts
You aren't meeting
obligations and responsibilities because of your substance use
You keep using the drug,
even though you know it's causing problems in your life
You give up or cut back
important social, occupational or recreational activities because of your
substance use
You use the substance in
situations that may be unsafe, such as when driving or operating machinery
You use the substance even
though you know it's causing you physical or psychological harm
You develop tolerance,
which means that the drug has less and less effect on you and you need more of
the drug to get the same effect
You have physical or
psychological withdrawal symptoms when you stop taking the drug, or you take
the drug (or a similar drug) to avoid withdrawal symptoms
Drug Problems in the
Philippines
Reports of drug related crime are common in the Philippines
media. The main concern tends to be towards Shabu which gets the most
media attention. It
does seem that illegal drug use is on the rise, and this has worrying
implications for the future. There is an urgent need to educate young people as
to the dangers of drug use, and there is also a great need to help those who
are already addicted to escape their misery. Failure to do this could mean
there will be further deterioration within many Filipino communities.
Most Commonly Abused
Drugs in the Philippines
The most
commonly abused drugs in the Philippines include:
* Alcohol
* Marijuana
* Heroin
* Cocaine
* Methamphetamine (locally known as Shabu)
* Inhalants such as nitrates and gasoline. These can be a cheap way for
people to get high.
* Opium
* Ecstasy (MDMA)
Concerns for Shabu Abuse
One of the most abused drugs in the Philippines is a local
type of methamphetamine mixed with caffeine known as Shabu. This stimulant is
believed to be the drug of choice for 90% of the Philippines illegal substance
users. This is a powerfully addictive drug that can cause people to have
intense hallucinations and become extremely paranoid. Some users of this drug
have even jumped off high rise buildings because they believed they could fly.
Shabu didn’t arrive in the Philippines until the mid eighties, but it soon
became hugely popular among drug users. Methamphetamine causes feelings of
euphoria and the user feels full of energy.
Problems Related to
Drug Addiction
Drug abuse
leads to many problems such as:
* The
individual does not have to be abusing a substance like Shabu long before they
become addicted.
* Those individuals who become addicted can become obsessed with their habit.
This means that everything else in their life will take second place.
* The individual’s behavior will change. They may become physically violent or
engage in other types of bad behavior.
* Those who abuse these drugs can struggle to keep down a job. They may become
unemployable.
* Young people who use these substances will be unable to perform well in
school or college. This means that they will be limiting their future
opportunities.
* When drug users run out of money to feed their habit they will be tempted to
turn to crime. This may mean stealing from family and friends or from complete
strangers.
* Many addicts fall into a life of crime and eventually end up in prison or
worse.
* If the drug addict is unable to escape this behavior it is highly likely to
lead to their death. This individual will shorten their lifespan as a result of
their behavior.
* Illegal drug users run the risk of overdose. It can be difficult to assess
the strength of illegal drugs, and it can be similar to playing a game of
Russian roulette every time the addict uses these substances – it is even
possible for people to die of an overdose after only trying illegal drugs one
time.
Cost of Drug Addiction
in the Philippines
The cost of
drug addiction is high for the Philippines and it involves:
* A great
deal of domestic violence is associated with drug abuse.
* A huge proportion of criminal acts are committed by individuals who are
trying to satisfy their drug habit.
* The economy suffers because drug users become less productive in their jobs
or they become unable to work completely.
* The government needs to spend large amounts of money on tackling drug
problems. The resources used by law enforcement alone are a drain.
* Money that could be spent to improve the life of a family is wasted because
one member is a drug addict. It can lead to a situation where the rest of the
family is living in poverty while one of them wastes thousands of pesos each
week on drugs.
* A criminal underworld had developed in order to take advantage of the desire
for these illegal substances. The money made from selling drugs is used to
finance other criminal acts as well as terrorism.
* Drug addict can destroy communities. It can lead to a situation where people
are afraid to leave their homes because of fear of crime.
* The individual who falls into drug addiction can lose everything – including
their own self respect. This miserable life is a waste of human potential.
Treatment for Drug
Addiction in the Philippines
There are a
number of treatment options available to people in the Philippines who need
help including:
* Narcotics
Anonymous is a twelve step program that
supports the individual to escape their addictions. This fellowship is not just
focused on stopping the drug use but also on building a life worth living.
* There are a number of drug rehabilitation facilities in the Philippines
including Serenity
at the Quarry.
* It is becoming more common for Filipinos to go abroad to seek the most
effective treatment for their addictions. Drug and Alcohol Rehab Asia is based in Thailand and is considered to be one of the
leading rehab in Asia.
Summary
ikaw na! :)
notes: this is a research paper about Drug Addiction
-sociology
^^. --made by Jenissa Cortez
for more documents and information just comment below------ :) tnx!
